Category: kubernetes

Blog post includes covering Kubernetes Deep Dive in preparation for the KCNA.

• RBAC
• Stateful Sets
• Security

Security: 1st – create yaml file for ubuntu & can shell into root. 2nd – update spec for non-priv user & can escalate priv, 3rd – add spec to not allowed in escalating priv.

# kubectl run ubuntu --image=spurin/rootshell:latest -o yaml --dry-run=client -- sleep infinity | tee ubuntu_secure.yaml
# apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  creationTimestamp: null
  labels:
    run: ubuntu
  name: ubuntu
spec:
  containers:
  - args:
    - sleep
    - infinity
    image: spurin/rootshell:latest
    name: ubuntu
    resources: {}
  dnsPolicy: ClusterFirst
  restartPolicy: Always
status: {}

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  creationTimestamp: null
  labels:
    run: ubuntu
  name: ubuntu
spec:
  securityContext:
    runAsUser: 1000
    runAsGroup: 1000
  containers:
  - args:
    - sleep
    - infinity
    image: spurin/rootshell:latest
    name: ubuntu
    resources: {}
  dnsPolicy: ClusterFirst
  restartPolicy: Always
status: {}
EOF

cat <<EOF > ubuntu_secure.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  creationTimestamp: null
  labels:
    run: ubuntu
  name: ubuntu
spec:
  securityContext:
    runAsUser: 1000
    runAsGroup: 1000
  containers:
  - args:
    - sleep
    - infinity
    image: spurin/rootshell:latest
    name: ubuntu
    resources: {}
    securityContext:
      allowPrivilegeEscalation: false
  dnsPolicy: ClusterFirst
  restartPolicy: Always
status: {}
EOF

Stateful Sets: create yaml w/3 replicas, delete pod & watch magic to re-appear! 2nd – create clusterip service. 3rd – curl into shell & add rolling update.

# kubectl delete pod/nginx-2 --now
# kubectl get pods -o wide

# kubectl patch statefulset/nginx -p '{"spec":{"updateStrategy":{"rollingUpdate":{"partition":2}}}}'
# kubectl set image statefulset/nginx nginx=nginx:alpine && kubectl rollout status statefulset/nginx

Persistent Storage: 1st – update yaml spec for volume mount. 2nd – shell into pod, create a note. 3rd – delete the pod & watch to spin back up, shell back into see the note.

cat <<EOF > statefulset.yaml
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: StatefulSet
metadata:
  labels:
    app: nginx
  name: nginx
spec:
  replicas: 3
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: nginx
  serviceName: nginx
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: nginx
    spec:
      containers:
      - image: nginx
        name: nginx
        volumeMounts:
        - name: nginx
          mountPath: /data
  volumeClaimTemplates:
  - metadata:
      name: nginx
    spec:
      accessModes: [ "ReadWriteOnce" ]
      storageClassName: "local-path"
      resources:
        requests:
          storage: 1Gi
EOF
# kubectl delete -f statefulset.yaml && kubectl apply -f statefulset.yaml
# watch --differences kubectl get pods -o wide

# kubectl get pvc
# kubectl get pv
# kubectl exec -it nginx-0 -- bash

# kubectl delete statefulset/nginx --now; for i in 0 1 2; do kubectl delete pvc/nginx-nginx-$i --now; done; kubectl delete service/nginx; rm statefulset.yaml

RBAC: 1st variation of echo & base64 -d the CLIENT_KEY_DATA or CERTIFICATE_AUTHORITY_DATA.

RBAC – Cluster Role Binding: 1st – create own super user group by creating clusterrole & then bind together.

# kubectl get clusterrolebindings -o wide
# kubectl describe ClusterRole/cluster-admin

Manual – genrsa, key & csr, CSR_DATA & CSR_USER, yaml, apply, get csr base64 -d,

Automate RBAC Kubeconfig file: 1st – configure key & CSR, apply CSR, capture k8s info, create kubeconfig file, & cleanup k8s CSRs

# apt update && apt install -y git jq openssl
# git clone https://github.com/spurin/kubeconfig-creator.git
# 

Watch-Only RBAC Group: 1st – create cluster role & clusterrolebinding. 2nd, – see if can access w/specific role. 3rd – run shell script & get nodes.

# ./kubeconfig_creator.sh -u uatu -g cluster-watchers

Roles & RoleBindings w/Namespaces: 1st create NS w/role & rolebinding. 2nd – see if user can access NS. 3rd – run shell to add more users.

# kubectl create namespace gryffindor
# kubectl -n gryffindor create role gryffindor-admin --verb='*' --resource='*'
# kubectl -n gryffindor create rolebinding gryffindor-admin --role=gryffindor-admin --group=gryffindor-admins
# kubectl -n gryffindor auth can-i '*' '*' --as-group="gryffindor-admins" --as="harry"
# ./kubeconfig_creator.sh -u harry -g gryffindor-admins -n gryffindor

Blog post includes covering Kubernetes Deep Dive in preparation for the KCNA.

• API
• Scheduling & Node Name
• Storage
• Network Policies
• Pod Disruption Budgets

API: run kubectl proxy to interact w/API in background, curl IP request/local-host, create yaml file for pod, and delete/rm pods.

kubectl proxy & echo $! > /var/run/kubectl-proxy.pid

curl --location 'http://localhost:8001/api/v1/namespaces/default/pods?pretty=true' 
--header 'Content-Type: application/json' 
--header 'Accept: application/json' 
--data '{
    "kind": "Pod",
    "apiVersion": "v1",
    "metadata": {
        "name": "nginx",
        "creationTimestamp": null,
        "labels": {
            "run": "nginx"
        }
    },
    "spec": {
        "containers": [
            {
                "name": "nginx",
                "image": "nginx",
                "resources": {}
            }
        ],
        "restartPolicy": "Always",
        "dnsPolicy": "ClusterFirst"
    },
    "status": {}
}'

kubectl get pods

kill $(cat /var/run/kubectl-proxy.pid)
rm /var/run/kubectl-proxy.pid

kubectl get pods

Scheduling: create yaml file for scheduler, pod is pending cuz no scheduler selected created, git clone, & view pod

kubectl run nginx --image=nginx -o yaml --dry-run=client | tee nginx_scheduler.yaml

cat <<EOF > nginx_scheduler.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  creationTimestamp: null
  labels:
    run: nginx
  name: nginx
spec:
  schedulerName: my-scheduler
  containers:
  - image: nginx
    name: nginx
    resources: {}
  dnsPolicy: ClusterFirst
  restartPolicy: Always
status: {}
EOF

apt update && apt install -y git jq
git clone https://github.com/spurin/simple-kubernetes-scheduler-example.git
cd simple-kubernetes-scheduler-example; more my-scheduler.sh

# ./my_scheduler.sh 
🚀 Starting the custom scheduler...
🎯 Attempting to bind the pod nginx in namespace default to node worker-2
🎉 Successfully bound the pod nginx to node worker-2
# kubectl get pods -o wide
NAME    READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE   IP          NODE       NOMINATED NODE   READINESS GATES
nginx   1/1     Running   0          28s   10.42.2.3   worker-2   <none>           <none>

Node Name: change spec to nodename specific area & notice variance of spec usage

# cat <<EOF > nginx_scheduler.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  creationTimestamp: null
  labels:
    run: nginx
  name: nginx
spec:
  nodeName: worker-2
  containers:
  - image: nginx
    name: nginx
    resources: {}
  dnsPolicy: ClusterFirst
  restartPolicy: Always
status: {}
EOF
# kubectl apply -f nginx_scheduler.yaml
# kubectl get pods -o wide

Node Selector: now change spec to nodeselector from label selector

# cat <<EOF > nginx_scheduler.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  creationTimestamp: null
  labels:
    run: nginx
  name: nginx
spec:
  nodeSelector:
    kubernetes.io/hostname: worker-1
  containers:
  - image: nginx
    name: nginx
    resources: {}
  dnsPolicy: ClusterFirst
  restartPolicy: Always
status: {}
EOF
# kubectl apply -f nginx_scheduler.yaml
# kubectl get pods -o wide

Storage: create ubuntu yaml, add volume mount to file, & shell into the ubuntu pod to see storage mount

# kubectl run --image=ubuntu ubuntu -o yaml --dry-run=client --command sleep infinity | tee ubuntu_emptydir.yaml

# cat <<EOF > ubuntu_emptydir.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  creationTimestamp: null
  labels:
    run: ubuntu
  name: ubuntu
spec:
  containers:
  - command:
    - sleep
    - infinity
    image: ubuntu
    name: ubuntu
    resources: {}
    volumeMounts:
    - mountPath: /cache
      name: cache-volume
  dnsPolicy: ClusterFirst
  restartPolicy: Always
  volumes:
  - name: cache-volume
    emptyDir: {
      medium: Memory,
    }
status: {}
EOF
# kubectl get pods -o wide
# kubectl exec -it ubuntu -- bash

Persistent Storage: create yaml pv & pvc (mention pv name in spe),

# cat <<EOF > manual_pv.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: PersistentVolume
metadata:
  name: manual-pv001
spec:
  storageClassName: local-path
  capacity:
    storage: 10Gi
  accessModes:
    - ReadWriteOnce
  hostPath:
    path: "/var/lib/rancher/k3s/storage/manual-pv001"
    type: DirectoryOrCreate
EOF
------------------------------------
# cat <<EOF > manual_pvc.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: PersistentVolumeClaim
metadata:
  name: manual-claim
spec:
  accessModes:
    - ReadWriteOnce
  volumeMode: Filesystem
  resources:
    requests:
      storage: 10Gi
  storageClassName: local-path
  volumeName: manual-pv001
EOF

Dynamic PVC: create yaml for pvc, edit yaml for volume mount to manua/dynamic claim, then add to node-selector a specific node desired.

# cat <<EOF > dynamic_pvc.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: PersistentVolumeClaim
metadata:
  name: dynamic-claim
spec:
  accessModes:
    - ReadWriteOnce
  volumeMode: Filesystem
  resources:
    requests:
      storage: 10Gi
  storageClassName: local-path
EOF

# kubectl run --image=ubuntu ubuntu -o yaml --dry-run=client --command sleep infinity | tee ubuntu_with_volumes.yaml
# cat <<EOF > ubuntu_with_volumes.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  creationTimestamp: null
  labels:
    run: ubuntu
  name: ubuntu
spec:
  containers:
  - command:
    - sleep
    - infinity
    image: ubuntu
    name: ubuntu
    resources: {}
    volumeMounts:
    - mountPath: /manual
      name: manual-volume
    - mountPath: /dynamic
      name: dynamic-volume
  dnsPolicy: ClusterFirst
  restartPolicy: Always
  volumes:
    - name: manual-volume
      persistentVolumeClaim:
        claimName: manual-claim
    - name: dynamic-volume
      persistentVolumeClaim:
        claimName: dynamic-claim
status: {}
EOF

# cat <<EOF > ubuntu_with_volumes.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  creationTimestamp: null
  labels:
    run: ubuntu
  name: ubuntu
spec:
  nodeSelector:
    kubernetes.io/hostname: worker-1
  containers:
  - command:
    - sleep
    - infinity
    image: ubuntu
    name: ubuntu
    resources: {}
    volumeMounts:
    - mountPath: /manual
      name: manual-volume
    - mountPath: /dynamic
      name: dynamic-volume
  dnsPolicy: ClusterFirst
  restartPolicy: Always
  volumes:
    - name: manual-volume
      persistentVolumeClaim:
        claimName: manual-claim
    - name: dynamic-volume
      persistentVolumeClaim:
        claimName: dynamic-claim
status: {}
EOF

Network Policies: 1st – create pod, expose port, & curl to see access. 2nd – policy to restrict access w/label…cant access now..

# kubectl run nginx --image=nginx
# kubectl expose pod/nginx --port=80
# kubectl run --rm -i --tty curl --image=curlimages/curl:8.4.0 --restart=Never -- sh

# curl nginx.default.svc.cluster.local
If you don't see a command prompt, try pressing enter.
~ $ curl nginx.default.svc.cluster.local
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Welcome to nginx!</title>
<style>
html { color-scheme: light dark; }
body { width: 35em; margin: 0 auto;
font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; }
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Welcome to nginx!</h1>
<p>If you see this page, the nginx web server is successfully installed and
working. Further configuration is required.</p>

<p>For online documentation and support please refer to
<a href="http://nginx.org/">nginx.org</a>.<br/>
Commercial support is available at
<a href="http://nginx.com/">nginx.com</a>.</p>

<p><em>Thank you for using nginx.</em></p>
</body>
</html>
~ $ exit
pod "curl" deleted

# cat <<EOF > networkpolicy.yaml
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: NetworkPolicy
metadata:
  name: allow-nginx-access
  namespace: default
spec:
  podSelector:
    matchLabels:
      run: nginx
  policyTypes:
    - Ingress
  ingress:
    - from:
      - podSelector:
          matchLabels:
            run: curl
EOF

Pod Disruption Budgets: 1st – create replica-set deployment, & cordon node. 2nd – drain to now notice disruption cuz control-plane & worker-1 are “protected” & you all worker-2 nodes are empty. 3rd – uncordon. 4th – create PDB, & notice cant cordon or drain more than the PDB created.

# kubectl create deployment nginx --image=nginx --replicas=5
# kubectl cordon control-plane && kubectl delete pods -l app=nginx --field-selector=spec.nodeName=control-plane --now

# kubectl drain worker-2 --delete-emptydir-data=true --ignore-daemonsets=true
# kubectl uncordon control-plane worker-1 worker-2

# kubectl create pdb nginx --selector=app=nginx --min-available=2
# kubectl cordon control-plane worker-1 worker-2; kubectl drain control-plane worker-1 worker-2 --delete-emptydir-data=true --ignore-daemonsets=true
# kubectl uncordon worker-1 worker-2

Security: